Északkelet-Pannonia négy legfontosabb gemmalelőhelye

Gesztelyi, Tamás (2010) Északkelet-Pannonia négy legfontosabb gemmalelőhelye. Archaeologiai Értesítő, 135 (1). pp. 69-83. ISSN 0003-8032

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Abstract

A magyarországi gemmaleletek feldolgozása során az a határozott sajátosság rajzolódott ki, hogy a legfontosabb lelőhelyek Északkelet-Pannoniában, a limes mentén találhatók, a következő központokban: Brigetio, Aquincum, Intercisa. A belső területekről csupán Gorsium emelkedik ki jelentősebb leletmennyiséggel. Bár egymástól nem távoli településekről van szó, mégis jelentős különbségek figyelhetők meg a gemmák időbeli megoszlásában, az ábrázolások tematikájában és a kivitelezés színvonalában. E különbségek meghatározása és lehetséges okaik megállapítása összegzés formájában olvasható az alábbiakban. A teljes leletanyagot tartalmazó katalógusok és elemzések egy része – többnyire idegen nyelven – már megjelent, más részük az összehasonlító vizsgálatokkal együtt egyelőre csak kéziratban hozzáférhető. | The richest gem finding sites were along the Danube limes: Brigetio, Aquincum, Intercisa. Gorsium was the only site inside the province, from where many gems became known and everyone from excavation. These settlements were not far from each other, nevertheless the differences in the chronological sequence, in the thematic and in the craftsmanship of the gems are significant. The investigation of these differences brought the following results: Brigetio. Most of the gems came from cemeteries, but rarely from excavations. Hence the exact contexts are unknown. It is very rare if there are data about their former owners. Thank to the amount of the finds, in this collection is the richest of thematic multiplicity. Nevertheless basically the conventional themes of the imperial koine were characteristic, within them mostly the gods and symbols, which expressed victory (these were popular along the military centres of the limes). One manifestation of this is the frequent occurrence of the representations of Caracalla. The dominance of the common subjects can be explained by the fact that most gems had been made in the second century AD and the first half of the third, hence from the time of the mass production. This brought the universalisation of the subjects. Aquincum. Half of the finds came from excavations, thus we have more data about the context. This can be particularly important in the cases of grave goods, because it is clear from that, that most of the early gems came from grave dated to the third or fourth centuries AD. Hence they were preserved for a long period. The accumulation of the gems occurred in the third century AD could be related with the role of the town, as the capital of Pannonia Inferior. This status provided more opportunities for both military and civic careers. Thus for that time a well-to-do merchant and landowner strata could be formed. In Aquincum it was possible to observe gems from the turn of the third and fourth centuries AD, from which period, we hardly have any other data about the production of new gems. These were glass-mouldings, without exceptions. Amongst them two had been identified on the bases of the material of the rings and the representation that they were made exclusively for funerary purposes, for men, as provisions for the afterlife. Intercisa. Most of the findings came from excavations, mostly from graves. However the documentation of the excavations is quite incomplete, hence there is a certain amount of uncertainty in their evaluation. The dating of the gems is evenly distributed from late Hellenistic times to the beginning of the fourth century AD. There is only one exception, a specific group, the so-called two-channelled glass cameos (11 artefacts) in the second part of the third century AD. Interestingly in Aquincum this group is unknown, and there is only one in Brigetio. The early gems are nearly without exceptions from graves fated to the third or fourth centuries AD, thus they were old pieces, preserved and re-used. However, from the totality of the samples it is clear that while in Aquincum and Brigetio the military subjects were dominants, in Intercisa the subject of idyllic life played a greater role. Gorsium. For the moment this is the richest site for gems, which were not along the limes, and the only one from where every gem came from excavation. With the exception of two pieces, every gem came from the area of the settlement, mostly from the centre. Out of them six pieces belonged to a hoard, the others had been lost by their owners. The inhabitants of Gorsium were considerably poorer than the inhabitants in the settlements along the limes. The economic boom during the time of the Severi did not have an effect here, this is why there were no graves with rich grave goods have been found here. In the pictures are the conventional subjects typical, within them the gods and symbols, which secure good living are more common.

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