Cioplirea pietrei şi modalităţi de folosire a ipsosului în vechea Şcoală de Stat de Arte şi Meserii pentru Cioplirea şi Şlefuirea Pietrei din Zlatna între anii 1894–1918 = Carving Stone and Ways to Use Plaster in the Old Arts and Crafts State School for Stone Carving in Zlatna Between 1894–1918

Székely, Miklós (2017) Cioplirea pietrei şi modalităţi de folosire a ipsosului în vechea Şcoală de Stat de Arte şi Meserii pentru Cioplirea şi Şlefuirea Pietrei din Zlatna între anii 1894–1918 = Carving Stone and Ways to Use Plaster in the Old Arts and Crafts State School for Stone Carving in Zlatna Between 1894–1918. HISTORIA URBANA, 25. pp. 235-259. ISSN 1221-650X

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Abstract

The former Arts and Crafts State School for Carving and Sanding Stone in Zalatna (today: Zlatna, Romania) preserved its plaster cast collection for about seventy years. The school was operating at the turn of the century and served the Gründerzeit’s building industry’s need for stone carvers. Its stone grinding activity has been the first and only educational activity of this kind in historic Hungary. Along with the new Hungarian economy at the turn of the century, many of the industrial schools in Transylvania were generally based on local traditions and the available raw materials. Wood and metal industrial schools were predominant in the modern national industrial educational system with such institutions in Arad, Timişoara / Temesvár, Cluj/Kolozsvár and Târgu Mureş/Marosvásárhely, a wood carving school in Braşov/Brassó, stone and clay industrial schools in Odorheiu Secuiesc/Székelyudvarhely and the school in Zalatna. Here, once they finished their studies, the students were employed mainly by architectural and stone mining companies based in Transylvania and in the Banat region of Hungary. The school’s educational collection is comprised of plaster casts, clay samples and carved stone models. This collection illustrates the extraordinary unity of the school’s fin de siècle use of plaster for educational purposes. The plaster casts can be divided into three main groups. The first is comprised of prefabricated plaster cast from Vienna’s Museum of Angewandte Kunst (MAK) and the Budapest based Institute of Pedagogy. The second group includes the models made by the students during modelling courses which preceded stone carving classes. The third group reflects the educational reform of architect Géza Gréb, the second director of the school from 1908 who introduced the modelling of minimalized architectural structures (vaults, staircases, etc.) in the practical training of stone carvers.

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