Seismic Vulnerability of a Slender Stalagmite

Zembaty, Z. and Bońkowski, P. A. and Jaworski, M. A. and Gribovszki, K. (2022) Seismic Vulnerability of a Slender Stalagmite. JOURNAL OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING. pp. 1-20. ISSN 1363-2469 (print); 1559-808X (online)

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Abstract

Seismic vulnerability of speleothems may serve long-term seismic risk studies. For this reason, the seismic response of stalagmite is computed using a robust FEM model calibrated from free vibration records by Hilbert–Huang modal extraction. It is demonstrated that the stalagmite vibrations consist of pairs of closely coupled flexural natural modes with a negligible role of vertical excitations. The location of the breaking point of the stalagmite is a result of a balance between the overturning bending moment and variations of horizontal cross-sections with height. Safety margins are investigated, and the ultimate peak velocity of excitations equaling 3.4 mm/s is estimated.

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