Mahler's work on Diophantine equations and subsequent developments

Evertse, Jan-Hendrik and Győry, Kálmán and Stewart, Cameron L. (2019) Mahler's work on Diophantine equations and subsequent developments. DOCUMENTA MATHEMATICA, Extra. pp. 149-171. ISSN 1431-0635

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Abstract

The main body of \textit{K. Mahler}'s work on Diophantine equations consists of his 1933 papers [Math. Ann. 107, 691--730 (1933; Zbl 0006.10502; JFM 59.0220.01); 108, 37--55 (1933; Zbl 0006.15604); Acta Math. 62, 91--166 (1934; Zbl 0008.19801; JFM 60.0159.04)], in which he proved a generalization of the Thue-Siegel Theorem on the approximation of algebraic numbers by rationals, involving p-adic absolute values, and applied this to get finiteness results for the number of solutions for what became later known as Thue-Mahler equations. He was also the first to give upper bounds for the number of solutions of such equations. In fact, Mahler's extension of the Thue-Siegel Theorem made it possible to extend various finiteness results for Diophantine equations over the integers to S-integers, for any arbitrary finite set of primes S. For instance Mahler himself [J. Reine Angew. Math. 170, 168--178 (1934; Zbl 0008.20002; JFM 60.0159.03)] extended Siegel's finiteness theorem on integral points on elliptic curves to S-integral points. \par In this chapter, we discuss Mahler's work on Diophantine approximation and its applications to Diophantine equations, in particular Thue-Mahler equations, S-unit equations and S-integral points on elliptic curves, and go into later developments concerning the number of solutions to Thue-Mahler equations and effective finiteness results for Thue-Mahler equations. For the latter we need estimates for P-adic logarithmic forms, which may be viewed as an outgrowth of Mahler's work on the P-adic Gel'fond-Schneider theorem [Compos. Math. 2, 259--275 (1935; Zbl 0012.05302; JFM 61.0187.01)]. We also go briefly into decomposable form equations, these are certain higher dimensional generalizations of Thue-Mahler equations.

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