Amide isomerization pathways: Electronic and structural background of protonation- and deprotonation-mediated cis-trans interconversions

Kelemen, A. Ádám and Perczel, András and Horváth, Dániel and Jákli, Imre (2023) Amide isomerization pathways: Electronic and structural background of protonation- and deprotonation-mediated cis-trans interconversions. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 159. No-154301. ISSN 0021-9606

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Abstract

The cis-trans isomerization of amide bonds leads to wide range of structural and functional changes in proteins and can easily be the rate-limiting step in folding. The trans isomer is thermodynamically more stable than the cis, nevertheless the cis form can play a role in biopolymers’ function. The molecular system of N-methylacetamide · 2H2O is complex enough to reveal energetics of the cis-trans isomerization at coupled cluster single-double and coupled cluster single–double and perturbative triple [CCSD(T)] levels of theory. The cis-trans isomerization cannot be oversimplified by a rotation along ω, since this rotation is coupled with the N-atom pyramidal inversion, requesting the introduction of a second dihedral angle “α.” Full f(ω,α) potential energy surfaces of the different amide protonation states, critical points and isomerization reaction paths were determined, and the barriers of the neutral, O-protonated and N-deprotonated amides were found too high to allow cis-trans interconversion at room temperature: ∼85, ∼140, and ∼110 kJ mol−1, respectively. For the N-protonated amide bond, the cis form (ω = 0°) is a maximum rather than a minimum, and each ω state is accessible for less than ∼10 kJ mol−1. Here we outline a cis-trans isomerization pathway with a previously undescribed low energy transition state, which suggests that the proton is transferred from the more favorable O- to the N-protonation site with the aid of nearby water molecules, allowing the trans → cis transition to occur at an energy cost of ≤11.6 kJ mol−1. Our results help to explain why isomerase enzymes operate via protonated amide bonds and how N-protonation of the peptide bond occurs via O-protonation.

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