A turizmus környezetbiztonsági aspektusai : holisztikus megközelítés = Environmental security aspects of tourism

Michalkó, Gábor and Németh, József and Birkner, Zoltán (2024) A turizmus környezetbiztonsági aspektusai : holisztikus megközelítés = Environmental security aspects of tourism. SCIENTIA ET SECURITAS, 5 (1). pp. 3-11. ISSN 2732-2688

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Abstract

A környezetbiztonság a turizmusbiztonság mindeddig kevesebb figyelmet élvező azon tényezője, amely a többi biztonságfaktorra is érdemi hatást gyakorolva képes növelni az utazások észlelt vagy valós kockázatát, illetve veszélyét. Környezetbiztonság alatt értünk minden olyan tényezőt, amely alapvetően a Föld belső és külső erőivel, az élő és élettelen természettel áll összefüggésben, és puszta léte vagy annak változásai fenyegetettséget jelentenek a turizmusipar eredményes működésére. Mivel a szakirodalom mindeddig adós maradt a turizmusbiztonság környezeti aspektusainak holisztikus tárgyalásával, a tanulmány arra vállalkozik, hogy elméleti keretbe ágyazva, a jelenségek és folyamatok megértését elősegítendő modelleket alkotva és egy archetipikus esettanulmány felhasználásával rendszerszerűen mutassa be a természeti környezet és a turizmus nexusának biztonsági vonatkozásait. | For centuries, nature has played a key role in the history of travel. In particular, external forces had a decisive influence on the success of travel until the 19th century. Weather could limit and threaten both land and sea travel. The advanced technology generated by industrial revolutions, reduced the vulnerability of both mobility and orientation to the natural elements. The development of transport and navigation tools, the growing cohesion of the trinity of speed, comfort and safety, coupled with the social well-being associated with the efficiency of production, led to the emergence of mass tourism in the second half of the 20th century. The turn from travel to tourism also brought about significant changes in the nature-society nexus. The focus was no longer on the ephemeral effects of natural forces on travel, but on the reverse, on the almost irreversible environmental consequences of hundreds of millions of trips. Hence, in the tourism-nature relationship, the research results of the last decades have been mainly concerned with the environmental damage of tourism, with much less attention paid to the effects of external and internal forces on tourism. A holistic approach to the problem, within the ecosystem of tourism/nature/socio-economic subsystems, is a rather under-researched topic. The key to the functioning of the subsystem of tourism and the natural environment is security, which guarantees the sustainability of the symbiosis as a permanent link, the main function of the imaginary driftwood being to eliminate risks and hazards. It has been recognised that tourism, by exploiting the resources of living and physical nature in a variety of ways, interferes with the mechanisms of nature’s functioning and induces negative reactions to its own functionality. These undesirable phenomena and processes entail changes to the natural order, which, however, affect both tourist mobility and the consumption of the destination. Environmental security, together with the other tourism security factors, guarantees that travel is free of risks and hazards and that they are minimised. Most of the factors that make up environmental security are difficult for the average tourist to calculate, but forecasting them is often a challenge for professionals. Environmental security occupies a special place in the universe of tourism security, because the risks and dangers posed to tourists by nature are often interspersed with other security factors. The family tragedy in 2017 in the nature reserve “Solfatara” in the Italian town of Pozzuoli, which produces postvolcanic phenomena, and the subsequent actions taken by the authorities, demonstrated the holistic relationship between tourism and environmental security. A fatal visit to the crater resulted in the deaths of a father, mother and child, and the closure of a popular camping that had provided a livelihood for local community members for decades, and its refusal to reopen despite protests and petitions. Tourism has threatened the nature reserve, so initially barriers were put in place to protect the post-volcanic phenomena that were an attraction. Then, after nature had taken its toll on curious tourists, the facility itself was removed from the tourist flow, but the measure restricted the development of local tourism, making it impossible for the population to earn a living. The abandoned camping has been reclaimed by nature, with only a few disaster tourists visiting the area.

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