Toll-like Receptor Homologue CD180 Ligation of B Cells Upregulates Type I IFN Signature in Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis

Erdő-Bonyár, Szabina and Rapp, Judit and Subicz, Rovéna and Filipánits, Kristóf and Minier, Tünde and Kumánovics, Gábor and Czirják, László and Berki, Tímea and Simon, Diána (2024) Toll-like Receptor Homologue CD180 Ligation of B Cells Upregulates Type I IFN Signature in Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES, 25 (14). ISSN 1661-6596

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Abstract

Type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling has been shown to be upregulated in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Dysregulated B-cell functions, including antigen presentation, as well as antibody and cytokine production, all of which may be affected by IFN-I signaling, play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. We investigated the IFN-I signature in 71 patients with the more severe form of the disease, diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc), and 33 healthy controls (HCs). Activation via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can influence the IFN-I signaling cascade; thus, we analyzed the effects of the TLR homologue CD180 ligation on the IFN-I signature in B cells. CD180 stimulation augmented the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) in dcSSc B cells (p = 0.0123). The expression of IFN-I receptor (IFNAR1) in non-switched memory B cells producing natural autoantibodies was elevated in dcSSc (p = 0.0109), which was enhanced following anti-CD180 antibody treatment (p = 0.0125). Autoantibodies to IFN-Is (IFN-alpha and omega) correlated (dcSSc p = 0.0003, HC p = 0.0192) and were present at similar levels in B cells from dcSSc and HC, suggesting their regulatory role as natural autoantibodies. It can be concluded that factors other than IFN-alpha may contribute to the elevated IFN-I signature of dcSSc B cells, and one possible candidate is B-cell activation via CD180.

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