Heavy metals in cigarette smoke strongly inhibit pancreatic ductal function and promote development of chronic pancreatitis

Pallagi, Petra and Tóth, Emese and Görög, Marietta and Venglovecz, Viktória and Madácsy, Tamara and Varga, Árpád and Molnár, Tünde and Csákány-Papp, Noémi and Szabó, Viktória and Kúthy-Sutus, Enikő and Molnár, Réka and Ördög, Attila and Borka, Katalin and Schnúr, Andrea and Kéri, Albert and Kajner, Gyula and Csekő, Kata and Ritter, Emese and Csupor, Dezső and Helyes, Zsuzsanna and Galbács, Gábor and Szentesi, Andrea Ildikó and Czakó, László and Rakonczay, Zoltán and Takács, Tamás and Maléth, József and Hegyi, Péter (2024) Heavy metals in cigarette smoke strongly inhibit pancreatic ductal function and promote development of chronic pancreatitis. CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE, 14 (6). ISSN 2001-1326

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Abstract

Background and aims Smoking is recognised as an independent risk factor in the development of chronic pancreatitis (CP). Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function and ductal fluid and bicarbonate secretion are also known to be impaired in CP, so it is crucial to understand the relationships between smoking, pancreatic ductal function and the development of CP. Methods We measured sweat chloride (Cl–) concentrations in patients with and without CP, both smokers and non-smokers, to assess CFTR activity. Serum heavy metal levels and tissue cadmium concentrations were determined by mass spectrometry in smoking and non-smoking patients. Guinea pigs were exposed to cigarette smoke, and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was prepared to characterise its effects on pancreatic HCO3– and fluid secretion and CFTR function. We administered cerulein to both the smoking and non-smoking groups of mice to induce pancreatitis. Results Sweat samples from smokers, both with and without CP, exhibited elevated Cl– concentrations compared to those from non-smokers, indicating a decrease in CFTR activity due to smoking. Pancreatic tissues from smokers, regardless of CP status, displayed lower CFTR expression than those from non-smokers. Serum levels of cadmium and mercury, as well as pancreatic tissue cadmium, were increased in smokers. Smoking, CSE, cadmium, mercury and nicotine all hindered fluid and HCO3– secretion and CFTR activity in pancreatic ductal cells. These effects were mediated by sustained increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), depletion of intracellular ATP (ATPi) and mitochondrial membrane depolarisation. Conclusion Smoking impairs pancreatic ductal function and contributes to the development of CP. Heavy metals, notably cadmium, play a significant role in the harmful effects of smoking.

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