A pusztásodás az Árpád-korban = Desolation of Rural Settlements in the Árpádian Age

Takács, Miklós (2024) A pusztásodás az Árpád-korban = Desolation of Rural Settlements in the Árpádian Age. AXIS, 5 (2). pp. 31-42. ISSN 2064-7972

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Abstract

A régészeti leletanyag, illetve szakirodalom rövid ismertetését érdemes egy nemzetközi kitekintéssel bevezetni. Egy ilyen rövid kitérőre annak okán is szükség van, hogy szemléltessük: a pusztásodás a középkorban nemcsak a korabeli Magyar Királyságra volt jellemző, hanem Európa más országaira is. | Desolation of rural settlements is rarely analyzed for the period of 10th – 13th century, the socalled Árpádian Age, as this phenomenon is usually treated in Hungary as a characteristic trend of the settlement history of the later phases of the Middle Ages and the modern era. However, the growing archaeological material of the Árpádian Age agricultural settlements — despite the inevitable chronological uncertainties — contains numerous traces pointing on the fact that in the 10th – 13th century rural settlements were part of a continuously repeating chain of emergence — ceasing — re-emergence. This process may have been stimulated by the semi-nomadic way of life characteristic which was present in several degrees and certain parts of the country at the given time frame; and also by the unregulated system consisting of plowed as well as unplowed land stripes used either for raising of grain or grassing. The two different methods of rural production are far from being alike, but yield similar results from the point of view of settlement archaeology. That is a limited duration of single settlements, and cyclical abandonment of them. We can count from first to last, with a certain — perhaps smaller — proportion of seasonally used rural settlements, and also other, more permanent settlements that were characterized by cyclical relocation occurring only in several decades. The circumstance that complicates archaeological research is that the desolation of rural settlements in the Árpádian Age can only be examined with difficulties; due to the circumstance that chronological framework of the excavated rural settlements of Árpádian Age Hungary can be given only with a wide time frame, covering a period of at least a century.

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