Performance and efficiency: A multi-generational benchmark of modern processors on bandwidth-bound HPC applications

Drávai, Balázs and Reguly, István Zoltán (2025) Performance and efficiency: A multi-generational benchmark of modern processors on bandwidth-bound HPC applications. FUTURE GENERATION COMPUTER SYSTEMS, In Pre. ISSN 0167-739X

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Abstract

The last two years has seen the launch of a multitude of new x86 processors, in reaction to market demand. Intel has launched four families of Xeon Processors, with some novel architectural features; first the Sapphire Rapids generation which featured a version with on-package HBM, the Emerald Rapids generation, and then differentiated by releasing the performance-oriented Granite Rapids and the efficiency-oriented Sierra Forest families. In this work, we evaluate the performance and energy efficiency of CPUs from each of different generations and variants of Intel and AMD CPUs, with a particular focus on bandwidth-bound high performance computing (HPC) applications. We contrast runtime and energy consumption figures and track trends across generations. We furthermore study how enabling locality-improving optimizations increases cache reuse and overall performance, while reducing energy use.

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