The Hungarian Adaptation and Validation of the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience Measure

Ünsal, Berk Can and Demetrovics, Zsolt and Reinhardt, Melinda (2025) The Hungarian Adaptation and Validation of the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience Measure. TRANSGENDER HEALTH. ISSN 2380-193X (In Press)

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Abstract

Because no comprehensive measure exists in the Hungarian language regarding minority stress and resilience experiences of transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) individuals, this study aimed to adapt the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience Measure (GMSR), which was developed in English and shown to be a reliable and valid measure of distal stressors (i.e., discrimination, rejection, victimization, and non-affirmation), proximal stressors (i.e., internalized transphobia, negative expectations, and nondisclosure), and resilience factors (i.e., pride and community connectedness), in the Hungarian language and to examine its psychometric properties in an adult Hungarian sample of TGNC individuals. Data were collected from 205 Hungarian TGNC individuals (18-74 years; M = 29.49 SD = 10.24). Results from confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) based on the original 9-factor solution showed an unacceptable model fit due to cross-loadings. When cross-loadings were allowed, however, findings from the exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) based on the original 9-factor solution and bi-factor exploratory structural equation modeling (B-ESEM) demonstrated acceptable to excellent model fit, respectively. Regarding validity analysis, significant correlation coefficients lower than 0.60 (r = .14 – .38) were found between subscales of the GMSR, except for community connectedness, mental health measures, and relatedness satisfaction, indicating evidence for criterion, convergent, and discriminant validity. Overall, the results suggest that the Hungarian GMSR is a reliable and valid measure that can be used by researchers and clinicians working with the TGNC population to understand their minority stress and resilience experiences.

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