Nehézfémek mobilitásának vizsgálata talaj–növény-rendszerben = An investigation on mobility of heavy metals in soil-plant system

Szegedi, László and Fodor, László and Szabó, Lajos (2025) Nehézfémek mobilitásának vizsgálata talaj–növény-rendszerben = An investigation on mobility of heavy metals in soil-plant system. SCIENTIA ET SECURITAS, 6 (1-2). pp. 43-48. ISSN 3057-9759

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Abstract

A nehézfémek talaj–növény-rendszerben és táplálékláncban való viselkedésének megismerésére 1994 őszén a Károly Róbert Főiskola Tass-pusztai Tangazdaságában csernozjom barna erdőtalajon szabadföldi kisparcellás nehézfém- terheléses tartamkísérlet indult nyolc elemmel (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn). A kísérleti elemek oldhatósági sorrendje (Cd > Pb > Cu > As > Zn > Hg > Cr) a kísérleti évek folyamán alapvetően nem módosult. Mélységi elmozdulást a kísérlet harmadik évében végzett vizsgálat szerint három elem, az arzén, a króm és az ólom mutatott. A növényvizsgálatok során a talajszennyezési szempontból jelentősebbnek ítélt elemek (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn) a kísérlet első éveiben ugyan mérgezőek voltak, de közülük később csak a kadmium bizonyult veszélyes talajszennyezőnek. | Heavy metal-contaminated soils are a major environmental problem. In order to understand the behavior of heavy metals and other potentially toxic elements in the soil-plant system and the food chain, the research program “Invest- igation of heavy metal load in our environment” was launched in 1991 at the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochem- istry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. As a part of the research program, a small-scale field experiment with heavy metal loading was started in autumn 1994 on chernozem brown forest soil in the Tass-puszta Tang Farm of Károly Róbert College, using water-soluble salts of eight elements (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn) at three loading levels (30, 90 and 270 kg element/ha) in three replications. In the split-plot design, the eight elements tested were the main plots, and the three loading levels were the subplots. The metal treatments used in the experiment modeled soil contamination conditions that may occur in the future in areas subject to heavy metal loading; high-dose loadings were used to model soil contamination levels. The indicator crops were peas (Pisum sativum L.) in 1998, followed by silage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) in 1999, winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in 2001, white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) in 2002, fiber hemp (Can nabis sativa L.) in 2003 and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in 2005. The solubility order of the experimental elements did not change fundamentally during the experimental years. The solubility order determined based on the percent- age ratio of the “soluble” (NH4-acetate + EDTA soluble) and “total” (cc. HNO3 + cc. H2O2 soluble) element con- tents was: Cd > Pb > Cu > As > Zn > Hg > Cr. According to the study conducted in the third year of the experiment, three elements, arsenic, chromium, and lead, showed a depth shift. The leaching of arsenic and lead was slight, but chromium showed significant enrichment in the deeper soil layer. Thus, it may endanger groundwater reserves at higher altitudes (Fodor 2002; Szegedi 2011). During the plant tests, the elements considered more significant in terms of soil pollution (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn) were toxic in the first years of the experiment. However, only cadmium later proved to be a dangerous soil pollutant. Based on the heavy metal content of air-dried plants, the mobility order of the examined heavy metals in the soil-plant system is as follows: Zn > Cu > Cd > Cr > As > Pb > Hg. In the case of some plants, zinc was followed in the mobil- ity order by cadmium and chromium. Mercury was the least enriched in the plants, which remained below the detec- tion limit in the case of most plants.

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