Retrospective evaluation of children under five years of age with head injuries: Single center experience

Kiliç, Mehmet and Besnek, Atakan and Aslan, Halil and Yildirim, İhsan and Erdoğan, Bariş (2025) Retrospective evaluation of children under five years of age with head injuries: Single center experience. IDEGGYOGYASZATI SZEMLE / CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE, 78 (11-12). pp. 407-416. ISSN 0019-1442

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Abstract

Background and purpose – Head traumais one of the leading causes of morbidityand mortality in childhood and can lead totraumatic brain injury (TBI). In our study,we present a retrospective analysis of theclinical and radiological findings of patientspresenting with head trauma in 0-5 agerange, examining the relationship betweenpediatric skull and brain development andage-related changes in trauma mechanisms.The study aims to evaluate the clinical characteristics and injury mechanisms in youngchildren with head trauma, providing insights for improved management strategies tailored to this vulnerable population.Methods – The study assessed patientswho presented to Şanliurfa Educationand Research Hospital between January 1,2016, and January 1, 2022. The clinical andradiological data of 1216 patients aged 5years and younger who were admitted dueto head trauma were analyzed. Symptoms,physical examination findings, trauma mechanisms, and CT findings were evaluated foreach age group.Results – Among the included 1216 patients62.9% (n=765) were male and 37.1% (n=451)were female. The incidence of scalp hematoma showed a significant difference in the0-1 and 1-2 age groups (p<0.05). Raccooneyes were statistically significantly higher inthe 3-4 and 4-5 age groups, while Battle’ssign was more prevalent in the 2-3 and 3-4 age groups (p<0.05). Frontal, parietal, andoccipital hematomas were more frequentlyobserved in younger age groups, whereastemporal, orbital, and facial bone fractureswere more common in older age groups.Falls from a height were significantly morefrequent in the 0-1 and 1-2 age groups;falling downstairs occurred more often in the1-2 and 4-5 age groups, while non-vehicletraffic accidents and assaults were moreprevalent in the 2-3 age group.Conclusion – The findings of this studyreveal distinct differences in head trauma presentations among the various agegroups, indicating that younger childrenexperience different trauma mechanismsand types of injuries compared to olderchildren. Recognizing these differences iscrucial for tailoring prevention strategiesand therapeutic interventions, allowing formore effective management of head traumain pediatric patients. This study emphasizesthe significance of analyzing head trauma inrapidly developing age groups. The observedvariations in trauma mechanisms and clinicalfindings necessitate age-specific approachesin patient management, which can ultimatelyenhance treatment outcomes for youngpatients suffering from head trauma.

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