Stationarity and non-stationarity in long-term climate time series in Hungary

Tóth, Zsolt and Kulcsár, Ernő and Novotni, Adrienn (2025) Stationarity and non-stationarity in long-term climate time series in Hungary. DIMENZIÓK : MATEMATIKAI KÖZLEMÉNYEK (13). pp. 39-53. ISSN 2064-2172

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Abstract

The study analyses 154 years of climate data (1870–2023) from four Hungarian cities to evaluate stationarity in precipitation and temperature. Monthly precipitation remains relatively stable in Szeged and Nyíregyháza, while Budapest and Sopron show a gradual decline. Temperature series in all cities are non-stationary, with clear trends and structural breaks. These findings emphasize regional differences in climate behaviour and the relevance of break-aware approaches for robust trend assessment.

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