Talaj- és növényvizsgálatok a Tisza árterében a 2000. évi szennyezések után = Study of the heavy metal content of floodplain soils and plants along the upper Tisza River

Győri, Zoltán and Kovács, Béla and Prokisch, József and Zsombik, László and Sipos, Péter and Boros, Norbert (2025) Talaj- és növényvizsgálatok a Tisza árterében a 2000. évi szennyezések után = Study of the heavy metal content of floodplain soils and plants along the upper Tisza River. SCIENTIA ET SECURITAS, 6 (1-2). pp. 49-55. ISSN 3057-9759

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Abstract

A 2000. évben két nagy árhullám vonult le a Tiszán, amelyek során nemcsak a cianidszennyezés okozott hatalmas károkat, hanem a nehézfémeket szuszpenzióként szállító ár is riadalmat váltott ki. Hatásaik vizsgálatára több kutatási program is indult, egyrészt az akkori Környezetvédelmi Minisztérium, másrészt az NSF–MTA–OTKA nemzetközi pályázati program keretében. Ez utóbbinak volt a koordinátora az Egyesült Államokból Domy Adriano és hazánkból Németh Tamás. Az ártérben lerakódott új talajréteg adta az ötletet, hogy vizsgáljuk meg az ártéri talajok elemtartalmát, különös tekintettel a toxikus és potenciálisan toxikus elemekre. Ez négy helyen, a 276–709. folyamkilométer között történt mintavételek (talaj 0–300 cm) mintáinak elemzésével valósult meg. Több kivonószert alkalmazva foglaltuk össze az eredményeket az ólom és a kadmium elemekre. Az árterekben az új feltalaj elemekben gazdagabb lett, mint az alsó rétegek, de az elemek döntő hányada a nehezen oldható kémiai formákhoz tartozott. A legelők növénymintái egyik helyen sem mutattak akkumulációt a vizsgált elemekre. | The sampling of soils in the floodplain of the Tisza River was successfully carried out in four locations in the 275.0– 708.7 river kilometre range. We determined that the 12-layer samples obtained per drilling (0–300 cm) in each location show a completely different picture from the soils outside the floodplain. Therefore, it is not possible to separate the genetic layers here. We tried to determine the element content of the soil samples with various officially accepted extraction agents: with the HNO3+H2O2 digestion and with the Lakanen–Erviö method, which refers to the amount that can be taken up by plants. We also tried two sequential extraction methods from the upper layer. We also wanted to estimate the biological uptake of the examined elements with these for environmental and health protection reasons. It can be stated that because of the floods, a new 5–8 cm layer was formed on the soil surface at each sampling location, which covered the former meadow vegetation and thus created a new top-soil layer. Here, of course, the effect that was observed between Tivadar, which received one contamination, and the other two (Tisza–Szamos) affected places, took effect. In the Vásárosnamény floodplain, the different colour and chemical composition of the particle size of the sludge settling out of the river water (suspension) can be observed in the new layer. We obtained basic data on the total and Lakanen–Erviö solvent extractable element content of the settled sludge (new topsoil layer) and the entire section, highlighting the toxic and potentially toxic elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn). The distribution of the individual elements is characterized by the highest concentration in the upper layer and decreases with depth, but the minimum was measured at 170–200 cm, slightly increasing values were obtained. At Vásárosnamény and Rakamaz, the lead contamination is almost the same. According to the results of the sequential extraction, the amount soluble in aqua regia for lead and cadmium was 40–70% of the total amount, depending on the location, while the easily soluble ratio was around 1%. The remaining part is the element content bound to carbonates. The plant samples of the pastures did not show accumulation of the elements examined.

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