Категория «как было на самом деле» в теоретическом рассмотрении (к методологии исторического исследования) = The Category of “What Really Was” in Theoretical Consideration (Towards a Methodology of Historical Research)

Yurganov, Andrei L. (2025) Категория «как было на самом деле» в теоретическом рассмотрении (к методологии исторического исследования) = The Category of “What Really Was” in Theoretical Consideration (Towards a Methodology of Historical Research). RUSSIANSTUDIES.HU, 7 (2). pp. 229-238. ISSN 2677-1640

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Abstract

This article examines the category of modern (including academic) consciousness from a theoretical point of view, reflecting an interest in understanding what and how “it really was.” It is essential to understand what reality is, whether we assert that consciousness is “secondary” in relation to being, or whether, on the contrary, we say that being is human selfconsciousness. An appeal to the classic work of Alfred Schutz shows that any consciousness is real. The hierarchy of the real is only in the degree of activity of consciousness: and it can be both passive and therefore seemingly unnoticed, and active, e.g., in planning “work plans” and in other forms of “wakefulness.” Schutz, in anatomizing the life process and revealing all possible modes of reality in human consciousness, does not touch upon the question of how to study everyday historical life if its existence is not subject to direct observation, but is presented indirectly. i.e., exclusively by historical sources. The author of the article draws attention to the fact that in the historical context the law of semantic translation of empirical content into non-empirical is in effect. It is made a law by the nature of any culture that maintains itself in the historical context thanks to conventional models – typical explanations that have the property of both creating stability of meaning and modifying it. The empirical state of many realities of human experience cannot be preserved in its previous form and is transformed by the main function of the cultural text – to complete the world of primary experiences in accordance with the self-evident dominants of conventional models. No “living” into the historical era, based on knowledge familiar to the researcher is possible because the historical context always requires the experience of reconstructing the semantic content of the text.

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