Exploring regional and settlement patterns of residential energy awareness in Hungary

Molnár, László and Horváth, Ágnes (2025) Exploring regional and settlement patterns of residential energy awareness in Hungary. Regional Statistic : journal of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, 15 (4). pp. 627-652. ISSN 2063-9538

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Abstract

This study investigates energy awareness in Hungary, focusing on households significantly contributing to final energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. It aims to identify regional and residential differences in energy efficiency and energy conservation measures implemented by households. The authors achieve this goal by establishing two new composite indicators quantifying the energy awareness of residential consumers: (1) the energy efficiency measures (EEM) index, and (2) the energy conservation measures (ECM) index separating investment-based activities and non-investment-based actions. Targeting the Hungarian population aged 30–69 years (N = 5,337,860), the study used a weighted sample (n = 3,651) based on gender, age categories, regions, and settlement types, ensuring representativeness. Data were collected using an online survey in November 2022. The most common measures included upgrading lighting, replacing windows and doors and choosing energy-efficient appliances. Although regional differences in the EEM index were not significant, cities with county status scored higher. ECM were also analysed, showing a wide acceptance across Hungary. There were no significant regional differences for the ECM index; however, cities with county status also scored at the top. A limitation of the study is its reliance on self-reported data collected through an online survey, potentially introducing biases and limiting the findings’ accuracy. The study’s findings can guide policymakers in designing targeted energy efficiency programmes and incentives that address the specific needs and motivations of different regions and settlement types in Hungary. Socially, the insights into energy awareness and behaviour can help raise public awareness and encourage adopting energy-saving practices, contributing to reduced energy dependency and environmental impact. This study’s originality is due to its unique methodological approach and focused examination of population energy awareness within regional and settlement contexts.

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