Microbiological monitoring of raw cow milk in Hungary

Nagy, Ágnes and Greff, Babett and Hanczné Lakatos, Erika and Kapcsándi, Viktória (2025) Microbiological monitoring of raw cow milk in Hungary. ACTA AGRONOMICA ÓVÁRIENSIS, 66 (2). pp. 17-31. ISSN 1416-647X

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Abstract

Our study aimed to assess the microbiological status of bulk tank milk from dairy farms across Hungary, with a focus on pathogenic microorganisms. In Hungary, raw milk certification involves testing for total germ count, somatic cell count, and the presence of inhibitors, following established standards. However, other pathogenic bacteria are not routinely tested, despite milk being an ideal medium for microbial growth. The increasing consumption of raw dairy heightens the risk of foodborne illnesses and the spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. To address this, we sought a comprehensive understanding of the microbiological profile of larger cattle farms in Hungary. Over the course of six months, we collected raw milk samples from 16 locations. We tested them for Listeria, Salmonella, Coliforms, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium, and Enterococcus faecalis, in accordance with Decree 4/1998 (XI. 11.) of the Ministry of Education and Science. Of the samples, 91.9 % had acceptable total germ counts. However, Coliforms, Listeria, and E. faecalis exceeded limit values in 14.0 %, 15.5 %, and 20,0 % of samples, respectively. Total germ counts exceeded the threshold in only four counties. Additionally, 13.3 % of samples had E. coli bacteria levels above acceptable limits, and Listeria spp. was detected in one-third of the analysed samples. These findings highlight the potential health risks associated with foodborne diseases and emphasise the need for periodic testing to ensure the safety of raw milk before consumption.

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