Expansion in Roman Times: Subjugation or Integration?

Tarwacka, Anna (2026) Expansion in Roman Times: Subjugation or Integration? LAW IDENTITY AND VALUES, 6 (1). pp. 313-329. ISSN 2786-2542

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Abstract

The article explores the historical experience of Ancient Rome, particularly its methods of state organisation and governance, as a lens to examine contemporary challenges in European integration. Ancient Rome's approach to expansion, international relations, administrative organisation, citizenship policies, and the manumission of slaves offers valuable insights that can be applied to modern dilemmas faced by European nations. Rome's expansion strategy, marked by the integration of diverse territories and cultures under a unified political and legal framework, demonstrates a model for managing diversity within a broader union. The Roman Empire's ability to forge alliances, negotiate treaties, and maintain stability across a vast, multi-ethnic domain parallels the European Union's efforts to harmonise relations among Member States with diverse cultural and political histories. The administrative organisation of Ancient Rome on various stages of its history also provides a historical precedent for balancing local autonomy with centralised authority. Rome's system of provincial governance, which delegated responsibilities while ensuring accountability to central institutions, resonates with the EU's ongoing quest to balance national sovereignty with supranational governance. Moreover, Rome’s inclusive citizenship policies – extending citizenship rights to conquered peoples – can serve as a case study for addressing integration and identity in Europe. This historical practice highlights the potential for fostering unity through inclusive legal frameworks, even in diverse and complex societies. Finally, the Roman practice of manumitting slaves and incorporating them into the social and economic fabric of the Empire reflects an early example of integrating marginalised groups into the mainstream. This approach could inform contemporary discussions on immigration and social inclusion in Europe. By analysing Rome’s historical experiences, the article underscores the relevance of ancient practices to modern governance, offering a comparative framework to address current challenges in achieving cohesion, inclusivity, and effective administration within the European Union.

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