Нагірний Карабах як приклад ліквідації «замороженого конфлікту»: геополітичні, правові та гуманітарні наслідки = Nagorno-Karabakh as an Example of Resolving a “Frozen Conflict”: Geopolitical, Legal, and Humanitarian Consequences

Fedinec, Csilla (2026) Нагірний Карабах як приклад ліквідації «замороженого конфлікту»: геополітичні, правові та гуманітарні наслідки = Nagorno-Karabakh as an Example of Resolving a “Frozen Conflict”: Geopolitical, Legal, and Humanitarian Consequences. POLITICAL STUDIES, 12 (2). pp. 144-162. ISSN 2786-4774

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Abstract

The article provides a comprehensive study of the process of resolving the “frozen conflict” in Nagorno-Karabakh, offering a detailed analysis of its geopolitical, legal, and humanitarian consequences. Particular attention is paid to the period following the breakup of the USSR, when the influence of international actors such as Russia, Turkey, Iran, the EU and the US significantly impacted the conflict’s dynamics. The article also examines the historical background of territorial disputes. The analysis covers legal issues, particularly those relating to sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as the protection of the rights of local ethnic minorities in accordance with international and humanitarian law. Examples of ceasefire violations, the Lachin corridor blockade, and violence against the civilian population are examined in order to illustrate the limited effectiveness of legal mechanisms in the absence of political will of the parties involved and international control. In the humanitarian dimension, the article focuses on the mass emigration and forced displacement of over 100,000 people, which has led to a socio-economic crisis. Additionally, the article examines the evolution of diplomatic processes, the involvement of international actors — including Russia and the United States — and the consequences of the escalating conflict between Azerbaijan and Russia from 2024 to 2025. This conflict resulted in civilian casualties and the detention and persecution of Azerbaijanis in the Russian Federation. The study pays particular attention to assessing the prospects for the further normalization of relations between Armenia and Azerbaijan, including the resolution of territorial disputes and border security issues. The paper provides an analytical overview of the issues that remain unresolved after the end of Nagorno-Karabakh’s de facto independence, and outlines the importance of territorial sovereignty in maintaining the existing international order.

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