Kékfestő műhelyek Északkelet-Magyarországon = Blue dye works in Northeast Hungary

Hazag, Ádám (2011) Kékfestő műhelyek Északkelet-Magyarországon = Blue dye works in Northeast Hungary. A HERMAN OTTÓ MÚZEUM ÉVKÖNYVE, 50. pp. 349-357. ISSN 0544-4225

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Abstract

A Herman Ottó Múzeum Gyűjteményben 144 darab kékfestő-nyomódúc található (HOM TGy, 53.613.1–144.) K. J. mesterjellel, feltehetően egykori miskolci mester hagyatékából. Északkeletmagyarországon a 18. században jelennek meg a festők, az egyik legkorábbi festő árlimitációt Abaúj vármegye rendelte el (Kassa, 1744). A miskolci kelmefestők 1822-ig az eperjesi festőcéhhez tartoztak, ekkor kérik saját társulat felállítását. Borsod és Gömör vármegyék régiójában Miskolcon kívül Putnokon, Szendrőn és Mezőkövesden működtek jelentős festőműhelyek, a mezőkövesdi Fürst-cég a két világháború között is jelentős mennyiségű árut gyártott. | The Historical Department of Herman Ottó Museum has a collection of the guilds, in which the blue dyeing wood-blocks are very considerable. These represent the variety of the coloured cloths in the 18th–19th centuries. There are K. J. monograms can be seen on the back of 144 pieces of wood-blocks (HOM TGy, 53.613.1–144), but we do not know anything about the owner. The clichés were probably made in the 18th and 19th centuries, and they can be derived from a workshop of Miskolc, on the basis of the documents. The original making place and time of these clichés are questionable, as the workshops often took over these clichés from one another. Moreover, they changed the clichés themselves in most cases to restore their stocks. On that account, I do not deal with the pieces of this collection definitely, but the regional history, technology and trade of blue dyeing, in the hope that following researches can give sufficient answers to the questions. The history of dyer goes back to the 12th–13th centuries in Hungary, and the first mention of them in the documents was in the 15th century. At that time more workshops and craftsmen worked. The widespread of dye works in Hungary can be accounted for the European historical processes. In the 17th century many craftsmen escaped from France and then from the German language area to Hungary because of the religion chasing. In Hungary they found peaceful circumstances in royal towns, western and northern area of the country and in Transylvania. This was guaranteed in the decree of tolerance in 1608. In the less developed north-east region of Hungary, the dyers appeared only in the 18th century. One of the earliest pegging of prices by dyers was made in Kassa, Abaúj County, in 1744. In Miskolc, the dyers appealed to the Council of General for the request to become free from the guilds of Eperjes and the Upper Hungary. Though the craftsmen of Miskolc could establish independent guilds but they could not keep pace up with the spreading manufactories and factories economically. This process led to the closing down of the handicrafts. In spite of the fact that the dyer guilds had been declined in Miskolc, on the rural areas of Borsod–Abaúj–Zemplén — Putnok, Szendrő, Mezőkövesd — the tradition of the dyer crafts lingered on. Several craftsmen continued their work up to the middle of the 20th century. Due to the local raftsmen, we are allowed to study the technical and historical antecedents of this profession.

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