Pairwise Consistency of Co-Located PMU Frequency Streams

Setianingsih, Casi and Hartmann, Bálint (2026) Pairwise Consistency of Co-Located PMU Frequency Streams. In: UNSPECIFIED IEEE. (Submitted)

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Abstract

Co-located phasor measurement unit frequency streams are often treated as practically interchangeable because they represent the same local operating conditions. However, very high agreement over a long observation period does not necessarily imply negligible disagreement during short eventsensitive intervals. This paper evaluates the practical interchangeability of two co-located synchronized frequency streams, anonymized as Station A and Station B, using approximately one month of measurements from the Hungarian transmission grid in February 2025. A direct pairwise framework is applied to aligned frequency and frequencydeviation records using correlation, root mean square error, mean absolute error, bias, robust spread, quantiles, and the timestamps of the largest mismatches. The full-month results show extremely strong agreement under ordinary operating conditions, with raw frequency and frequency-deviation correlations of 0.99997. At the same time, the mismatch distribution shows a pronounced upper tail, and the largest discrepancies are concentrated in a short anomalous burst rather than being distributed across the month. To interpret this behavior, the pair is examined through ordinary, off-nominal, and anomalous operating classes. Strong agreement is preserved in the ordinary and off-nominal classes, whereas the anomalous class shows a sharp breakdown of practical interchangeability. The results show that co-located PMU streams should be validated explicitly rather than treated as automatically interchangeable on the basis of bulk agreement alone.

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