The Impact of IgG Glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 Infection vs. Vaccination: A Statistical Analysis

Kutás, Adriána and Garami, Attila and Váradi, Csaba (2026) The Impact of IgG Glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 Infection vs. Vaccination: A Statistical Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES, 27 (2). No. 946. ISSN 1661-6596 (print); 1422-0067 (online)

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Abstract

This study investigates the glycosylation patterns of serum IgG antibodies in relation to COVID-19 infection and vaccination, highlighting the potential of specific glycan profiles as biomarkers for immune responses. Using Spearman correlation analysis, distinct associations among glycan levels and various clinical laboratory parameters were identified, revealing complex, non-linear interactions that influence immune dynamics. Significant differences were observed in sialylated glycan profiles across patient groups, indicating that vaccination and natural infection elicit unique immune mechanisms and suggesting that vaccination induces favorable glycosylation changes. Notably, high-mannose glycans were found to correlate with other glycan types, underscoring their critical role in the immune response and suggesting their potential as biomarkers to differentiate between infection- and vaccination-induced immunity. The findings suggest that understanding these glycosylation dynamics may enhance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, providing valuable tools for differentiating between immune responses elicited by infection and vaccination. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of glycosylation’s impact on immune function in the context of COVID-19, emphasizing the importance of specific glycan markers, such as sialylated and high-mannose structures, in clinical applications.

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