Place-Based Vulnerability of Christian Sacred Spaces. A Four-Component Environmental Criminology Framework for Function-Preserving Protection

Szabó, Csaba (2026) Place-Based Vulnerability of Christian Sacred Spaces. A Four-Component Environmental Criminology Framework for Function-Preserving Protection. BELÜGYI SZEMLE / ACADEMIC JOURNAL OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS: A BELÜGYMINISZTÉRIUM SZAKMAI TUDOMÁNYOS FOLYÓIRATA (2010-), 74 (SI1). pp. 125-141. ISSN 2062-9494

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Abstract

Aim: This study conceptualises the place- and time-specific vulnerability of Christian sacred spaces and develops a framework linking openness, religious and community functions, and proportionate protection.Methodology: The study employs a targeted integrative synthesis of scholarly literature and policy documents. The 30-source corpus was analysed qualitatively and thematically to organise recurring concepts and mechanisms within a coherent framework.Findings: Functional openness and the predictability of routines may shape exposure to criminal opportunities; symbolic significance may influence target salience and potential harm to the community; and layered guardianship is posited as a source of protective capacity. Vulnerability can be understood through specific configurations of micro-places and micro-time windows.Value: The study’s original contribution lies in translating the four components into a framework for structured site-level diagnosis, a graduated intervention model and an incident-based learning cycle. The framework supports proportionate, function-preserving protection but is neither a predictive tool nor a validated risk-scoring instrument.

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