Hail events in Azerbaijan: Geographical assessment and socio-economic impacts on agriculture and settlements

Pashayev, Nariman and Aghayev, Ziyafat and Maharramova, Khatira (2027) Hail events in Azerbaijan: Geographical assessment and socio-economic impacts on agriculture and settlements. MODERN GEOGRÁFIA, 22 (1). pp. 1-13. ISSN 2062-1655 (In Press)

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Abstract

Observations of hail events in the Republic of Azerbaijan from 2020 to 2025 highlight their significance as a risk factor for agriculture and socio-economic life. A total of 343 events were recorded, with a sharp increase in 2023–2024 (101 and 107 events), marking the peak period of hail. Annual dynamics were analyzed alongside hailstone size: small (≤1 mm) and medium (1–10 mm) hailstones were most common, causing local to moderate agricultural damage, while large (11–20 mm) and very large (>20 mm) hailstones, though rare, had severe impacts. Regional distribution shows high-risk zones in Gazakh-Tovuz, Ganja-Dashkasan, and Shaki-Zagatala, medium-risk zones in Karabakh, Mountainous Shirvan, Guba-Khachmaz, and East Zangezur, and relatively safe zones in plains and coastal areas. The higher incidence in mountainous areas is linked to geographic and meteorological conditions. To mitigate risks, state-level measures, including radar and warning systems, insurance expansion, and modern technologies, are recommended.

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