A kései középső paleolitikum csontipara a Kárpát-medencében

Markó, András (2011) A kései középső paleolitikum csontipara a Kárpát-medencében. Archaeologiai Értesítő, 136 (1). pp. 95-113. ISSN 0003-8032

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Abstract

A 20. század első évtizedében megindult tudományos igényű barlangkutatás számos kulcsfontosságú lelőhelyünk részleges vagy teljes feltárását eredményezte. Az ásatási módszerek, a dokumentáció hiányosságai vagy hiánya, a leletek barlangon belüli és lelőhelyek közötti keveredése olyan elméletek megfogalmazásához vezetett, amelyeket újra kell értelmezni, és ha szükséges, módosítani kell. A szerző négy barlang (Pálffy/Dzeravá skála, Jankovich, Bivak, Pilisszántó II) dokumentációjának, rétegsorának revíziójával megkísérli tisztázni az előkerülési körülményeket, a csonttárgyak tipológiai és morfológiai vizsgálatával a mai terminológiának megfelelő kultúrákba besorolni ezeket az eszközöket. | In this study we discussed three old-excavated assemblages, containing Jankovichian, i.e. Middle Palaeolithic type leaf-shaped tools on one hand and well made typical antler and ivory tools on the other. The Jankovich and the Bivak cave and the Pilisszántó II rockshelter (which yielded pseudo-artefacts and long bone fragments with cutmarks; Fig. 10.6–7 and Fig. 10.4–5) are lying in the NE part of the Transdanubia, the Pálffy cave (Dzeravá skála) in the Little Carpathians, Western Slovakia. The examinations of the lithic and osseous artefacts, deposited in the Palaeolithic collection of the Hungarian National Museum, and the bibliographical works focusing to the stratigraphical data yielded the following conclusions. The wedge shaped antler and ivory tools (Figs 6.2, 8.1, 9) and probably the ivory rod and lamellas (Figs 4, 5.1–3) from the Jankovich cave, finally the antler tools from the Pálffy (Dzeravá skála) cave (Fig. 1.2) can certainly be linked to the Middle Palaeolithic type leaf-shaped (Jankovichian) industry: the lithics and the osseous artefacts were excavated in one and the same level. The fragments of antler tools, found in the Bivak cave (Fig. 10.1–2) can most probably belong to the same circle. The antler tools with circular cross section from the Jankovich (Figs 2, 5.4) and Dzeravá skála caves were generally placed into the same stratigraphical position in the excavation reports. However, the different colour and the state of preservation of these tools calls for certain reserve, so actually we can say only, that these tools may belong to the Jankovichian assemblage too. Unfortunately the cultural and stratigraphical position of the split base point from the Pálffy cave (Fig.1.1) can not clarify for the time being. We have to stress at this point, that the industries of the lower layer of the Istállós-kő cave or side corridor of the Szeleta cave, where similar antler artefacts were also found, lack the typical Aurignacian stone tools. The presence of discrete culture layers of the Aurignacian and leaf-shaped industry in each caves, often supposed in the technical literature, simply cannot be exhibited from the incomplete field documentations. According to our opinion, the small surface excavations, carried out in the 2000s in the Dzeravá skála cave, exposing certainly disturbed and mixed layer sequence, does not contradict to our observations. Generally, the absence of the typical Aurignacian lithics is the most notable feature of the studied sites; the artefacts, sorted into the “Late Aurignacian”, fifties are classified today as Gravettian. The study of the surface of the osseous tools does not display any traces of redeposition or cryoturbation with the exception of the pseudo tools from the Pilisszántó II rockshelter. On the contrary: the clearly visible traces of manufacture and use s uggest, that these artefacts were excavated in a largely undisturbed position. Shortly: according to our actual working hypothesis, the “Upper Palaeolithic type” osseous tools and the “Middle Palaeolithic” lithic assemblage belong to the same entity in the case of the studied cave sites. Our results may shed new lights and may pose new questions concerning the cultural determination of e.g. the Istállós-kő cave (especially concerning the lower layer) or the Vindija cave (especially the layer G1).

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