Insect timing (rhythms) from the point of view of neuroendocrine effector mechanisms

Fónagy, A. (2009) Insect timing (rhythms) from the point of view of neuroendocrine effector mechanisms. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 44 (1). pp. 61-73. ISSN 0238-1249

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Abstract

Living organisms, including insects, have developed a complex array of physiological and behavioral mechanisms allowing them to cope with biotic and abiotic challenges. Under natural circumstances they are readily capable to make ‘predictions’ and consequently can adjust their physiology and behavior to ‘anticipate’ the expected changes. The compilation of predictions provide a fine tuning to prepare for would-be conditions allowing them to react at the right time by the best set of available physiological, behavioral ‘answers’. The attained internal harmony of the organism is the best option what an individual may achieve. Among insects, the most significant controller of rhythms is light and its changes, while temperature, humidity, food availability and population densities are also important. Rhythmic events at individual and population levels may be grouped as follows: development, dormant, reproductive, behavioral, metabolic cycles and polymorphism. The periodic changing of light and biological events related to this provides the most elaborate model. The main elements are: photoreception; clock mechanism measuring day and/or night length; photoperiodic counter including memory to accumulate information; neuroendocrine effector mechanisms regulating relevant physiological processes. A description of elements and an inventory will be provided of respective hormones, neuropeptides which are notably taking part in controlling events.

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