Új filogenetikai mértékek és alkalmazásuk – Új nézőpontok a magyarok korai története kapcsán

Németh, Endre and Csáky, Veronika and Székely, Gábor and Bernert, Zsolt and Fehér, Tibor (2017) Új filogenetikai mértékek és alkalmazásuk – Új nézőpontok a magyarok korai története kapcsán. ANTHROPOLOGIAI KÖZLEMÉNYEK, 58. pp. 3-36. ISSN 0003-5440

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Abstract

The early Hungarian history is short of information and almost lack of relevant historical sources. Thus, linguists and archeologists played the most important role in founding the bases of the early Hungarian history. First of all, the linguists proved that the Hungarian language belongs to Ugric branch of Uralic language family. The other Ugric subgroup, the Ob-Ugrians are living in Western-Siberia, but there is a debate when and where the disjunction of Ugric protolanguage occurred. The second important observation is that archeological sites of Kusnarenkovo and Karajakupovo cultures (6th‒10th centuries AD) in Central and South Ural region point significant parallelism with the sites of ancient Hungarians (9th‒10th centuries AD) in the Carpathian Basin. However, the chronology and geographical location of earlier migration stations of early Hungarians from the Ugric age to the Ural region remained rather unclear. That is why there were high expectations among researchers toward a considerably new science, the DNA based population genetics. Because of the recombination-free inheritance of uni-parental markers, which are unchanged from one male (NRY- DNA) or female (mtDNA) generation to the next, unless mutations occur. Thus, the progress of population genetics resulted in more and more reliable and detailed view on early migration processes. However, the early studies showed that the recent Hungarian population is a rather typical Central-European population with a surprisingly narrow link to the Ob-Ugric and other Uralic speaking populations both on paternal and maternal line. What was even more unexpected that the ratio of Ugric likely component was relatively low among the ancient Hungarian samples (9th‒10th centuries AD), as well. The questions above point the significance of different demographic interactions like split and series of admixture among different populations in the early Hungarian history. In our understanding the demographic history of a population is a continuous combination of different types of splits and admixtures. In order to be enable to identify the different demographic interactions during a life of a population, we worked out a component based general framework, classifying some elementary demographic interactions. In the next step, we tried to find the best measure or measures, what can detect reliably the occurrence of a given elementary demographic interaction. Each of the measuring algorithms was a long-time and widely used data mining method. To test our approach we implemented a free software tool in Python 3.6, and investigated 16710 mtDNA samples of 168 Eurasian populations.

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