The historical vanishing of the Blazhko effect of RR Lyr from the GEOS and Kepler surveys

Le Borgne, J. F. and Poretti, E. and Klotz, A. and Denoux, E. and Smith, H. A. and Kolenberg, K. and Szabó, Róbert and Bryson, S. and Audejean, M. and Buil, C. and Caron, J. and Conseil, E. and Corp, L. and Drillaud, C. and T, de France T. and Graham, K. and Hirosawa, K. and Klotz, A. N. and Kugel, F. and Loughney, D. and Menzies, K. and Rodriguez, M. and Ruscitti, P. M. (2014) The historical vanishing of the Blazhko effect of RR Lyr from the GEOS and Kepler surveys. MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY, 441 (2). pp. 1435-1443. ISSN 0035-8711

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Abstract

RR Lyr is one of the most studied variable stars. Its light curve has been regularly monitored since the discovery of the periodic variability in 1899. Analysis of all observed maxima allows us to identify two primary pulsation states defined as pulsation over a long (P0 longer than 0.56684 d) and a short (P0 shorter than 0.56682 d) primary pulsation period. These states alternate with intervals of 13-16 yr, and are well defined after 1943. The 40.8 d periodical modulations of the amplitude and the period (i.e. Blazhko effect) were noticed in 1916. We provide homogeneous determinations of the Blazhko period in the different primary pulsation states. The Blazhko period does not follow the variations of P0 and suddenly diminished from 40.8 d to around 39.0 d in 1975. The monitoring of these periodicities deserved and deserves a continuous and intensive observational effort. For this purpose we have built dedicated, transportable and autonomous small instruments, Very Tiny Telescopes (VTTs), to observe the times of maximum brightness of RR Lyr. As immediate results the VTTs recorded the last change of P0 state in mid-2009 and extended the time coverage of the Kepler observations, thus recording a maximum O-C amplitude of the Blazhko effect at the end of 2008, followed by the historically smallest O-C amplitude in late 2013. This decrease is still ongoing and VTT instruments are ready to monitor the expected increase in the next few years.

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