Gaia Focused Product Release : Spatial distribution of two diffuse interstellar bands

Schultheis, M. and Zhao, H. and Zwitter, T. and Bailer-Jones, C. A. L. and Carballo, R. and Sordo, R. and Drimmel, R. and Ordenovic, C. and Pailler, F. and Fouesneau, M. and Creevey, O. L. and Heiter, U. and Recio-Blanco, A. and Kordopatis, G. and de Laverny, P. and Marshall, D. J. and Dharmawardena, T. E. and Brown, A. G. A. and Vallenari, A. and Prusti, T. and de Bruijne, J. H. J. and Arenou, F. and Babusiaux, C. and Barbier, A. and Biermann, M. and Ducourant, C. and Evans, D. W. and Eyer, L. and Guerra, R. and Hutton, A. and Jordi, C. and Klioner, S. A. and Lammers, U. and Lindegren, L. and Luri, X. and Mignard, F. and Randich, S. and Sartoretti, P. and Smiljanic, R. and Tanga, P. and Walton, N. A. and Bastian, U. and Cropper, M. and Katz, D. and Soubiran, C. and van Leeuwen, F. and Andrae, R. and Audard, M. and Bakker, J. and Blomme, R. and Castañeda, J. and De Angeli, F. and Fabricius, C. and Frémat, Y. and Galluccio, L. and Guerrier, A. and Masana, E. and Messineo, R. and Nicolas, C. and Nienartowicz, K. and Panuzzo, P. and Riclet, F. and Roux, W. and Seabroke, G. M. and Thévenin, F. and Gracia-Abril, G. and Portell, J. and Teyssier, D. and Altmann, M. and Benson, K. and Berthier, J. and Burgess, P. W. and Busonero, D. and Busso, G. and Cánovas, H. and Carry, B. and Cheek, N. and Clementini, G. and Damerdji, Y. and Davidson, M. and de Teodoro, P. and Delchambre, L. and Dell’Oro, A. and Fraile Garcia, E. and Garabato, D. and García-Lario, P. and Garralda Torres, N. and Gavras, P. and Haigron, R. and Hambly, N. C. and Harrison, D. L. and Hatzidimitriou, D. and Hernández, J. and Hodgkin, S. T. and Holl, B. and Jamal, S. and Jordan, S. and Krone-Martins, A. and Lanzafame, A. C. and Löffler, W. and Lorca, A. and Marchal, O. and Marrese, P. M. and Moitinho, A. and Muinonen, K. and Nuñez Campos, M. and Oreshina-Slezak, I. and Osborne, P. and Pancino, E. and Pauwels, T. and Riello, M. and Rimoldini, L. and Robin, A. C. and Roegiers, T. and Sarro, L. M. and Siopis, C. and Smith, M. and Sozzetti, A. and Utrilla, E. and van Leeuwen, M. and Weingrill, K. and Abbas, U. and Ábrahám, P. and Abreu Aramburu, A. and Aerts, C. and Altavilla, G. and Álvarez, M. A. and Alves, J. and Anders, F. and Anderson, R. I. and Antoja, T. and Baines, D. and Baker, S. G. and Balog, Z. and Barache, C. and Barbato, D. and Barros, M. and Barstow, M. A. and Bartolomé, S. and Bashi, D. and Bauchet, N. and Baudeau, N. and Becciani, U. and Bedin, L. R. and Bellas-Velidis, I. and Bellazzini, M. and Beordo, W. and Berihuete, A. and Bernet, M. and Bertolotto, C. and Bertone, S. and Bianchi, L. and Binnenfeld, A. and Blazere, A. and Boch, T. and Bombrun, A. and Bouquillon, S. and Bragaglia, A. and Braine, J. and Bramante, L. and Breedt, E. and Bressan, A. and Brouillet, N. and Brugaletta, E. and Bucciarelli, B. and Butkevich, A. G. and Buzzi, R. and Caffau, E. and Cancelliere, R. and Cannizzo, S. and Carlucci, T. and Carnerero, M. I. and Carrasco, J. M. and Carretero, J. and Carton, S. and Casamiquela, L. and Castellani, M. and Castro-Ginard, A. and Cesare, V. and Charlot, P. and Chemin, L. and Chiaramida, V. and Chiavassa, A. and Chornay, N. and Collins, R. and Contursi, G. and Cooper, W. J. and Cornez, T. and Crosta, M. and Crowley, C. and Dafonte, C. and De Luise, F. and De March, R. and de Souza, R. and de Torres, A. and del Peloso, E. F. and Delbo, M. and Delgado, A. and Diakite, S. and Diener, C. and Distefano, E. and Dolding, C. and Dsilva, K. and Durán, J. and Enke, H. and Esquej, P. and Fabre, C. and Fabrizio, M. and Faigler, S. and Fatović, M. and Fedorets, G. and Fernández-Hernández, J. and Fernique, P. and Figueras, F. and Fournier, Y. and Fouron, C. and Gai, M. and Galinier, M. and Garcia-Gutierrez, A. and García-Torres, M. and Garofalo, A. and Gerlach, E. and Geyer, R. and Giacobbe, P. and Gilmore, G. and Girona, S. and Giuffrida, G. and Gomel, R. and Gomez, A. and González-Núñez, J. and González-Santamaría, I. and Gosset, E. and Granvik, M. and Gregori Barrera, V. and Gutiérrez-Sánchez, R. and Haywood, M. and Helmer, A. and Helmi, A. and Henares, K. and Hidalgo, S. L. and Hilger, T. and Hobbs, D. and Hottier, C. and Huckle, H. E. and Jabłońska, M. and Jansen, F. and Jiménez-Arranz, Ó. and Juaristi Campillo, J. and Khanna, S. and Korn, A. J. and Kóspál, Á. and Kostrzewa-Rutkowska, Z. and Kun, M. and Lambert, S. and Lanza, A. F. and Le Campion, J.-F. and Lebreton, Y. and Lebzelter, T. and Leccia, S. and Lecoeur-Taibi, I. and Lecoutre, G. and Liao, S. and Liberato, L. and Licata, E. and Lindstrøm, H. E. P. and Lister, T. A. and Livanou, E. and Lobel, A. and Loup, C. and Mahy, L. and Mann, R. G. and Manteiga, M. and Marchant, J. M. and Marconi, M. and Marín Pina, D. and Marinoni, S. and Martín Lozano, J. and Martín-Fleitas, J. M. and Marton, G. and Mary, N. and Masip, A. and Massari, D. and Mastrobuono-Battisti, A. and Mazeh, T. and McMillan, P. J. and Meichsner, J. and Messina, S. and Michalik, D. and Millar, N. R. and Mints, A. and Molina, D. and Molinaro, R. and Molnár, L. and Monari, G. and Monguió, M. and Montegriffo, P. and Montero, A. and Mor, R. and Mora, A. and Morbidelli, R. and Morel, T. and Morris, D. and Mowlavi, N. and Munoz, D. and Muraveva, T. and Murphy, C. P. and Musella, I. and Nagy, Z. and Nieto, S. and Noval, L. and Ogden, A. and Pagani, C. and Pagano, I. and Palaversa, L. and Palicio, P. A. and Pallas-Quintela, L. and Panahi, A. and Panem, C. and Payne-Wardenaar, S. and Pegoraro, L. and Penttilä, A. and Pesciullesi, P. and Piersimoni, A. M. and Pinamonti, M. and Pineau, F.-X. and Plachy, E. and Plum, G. and Poggio, E. and Pourbaix, D. and Prša, A. and Pulone, L. and Racero, E. and Rainer, M. and Raiteri, C. M. and Ramos, P. and Ramos-Lerate, M. and Ratajczak, M. and Re Fiorentin, P. and Regibo, S. and Reylé, C. and Ripepi, V. and Riva, A. and Rix, H.-W. and Rixon, G. and Robichon, N. and Robin, C. and Romero-Gómez, M. and Rowell, N. and Royer, F. and Ruz Mieres, D. and Rybicki, K. A. and Sadowski, G. and Sáez Núñez, A. and Sagristà Sellés, A. and Sahlmann, J. and Sanchez Gimenez, V. and Sanna, N. and Santoveña, R. and Sarasso, M. and Sarrate Riera, C. and Sciacca, E. and Segovia, J. C. and Ségransan, D. and Shahaf, S. and Siebert, A. and Siltala, L. and Slezak, E. and Smart, R. L. and Snaith, O. N. and Solano, E. and Solitro, F. and Souami, D. and Souchay, J. and Spina, L. and Spitoni, E. and Spoto, F. and Squillante, L. A. and Steele, I. A. and Steidelmüller, H. and Surdej, J. and Szabados, L. and Taris, F. and Taylor, M. B. and Teixeira, R. and Tisanić, K. and Tolomei, L. and Torra, F. and Torralba Elipe, G. and Trabucchi, M. and Tsantaki, M. and Ulla, A. and Unger, N. and Vanel, O. and Vecchiato, A. and Vicente, D. and Voutsinas, S. and Weiler, M. and Wyrzykowski, L. and Zorec, J. and Balaguer-Núñez, L. and Leclerc, N. and Morgenthaler, S. and Robert, G. and Zucker, S. (2023) Gaia Focused Product Release : Spatial distribution of two diffuse interstellar bands. ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 680. No. A38. ISSN 0004-6361

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Abstract

Diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) are absorption features seen in optical and infrared spectra of stars and extragalactic objects that are probably caused by large and complex molecules in the galactic interstellar medium (ISM). Here we investigate the Galactic distribution and properties of two DIBs identified in almost six million stellar spectra collected by the Gaia Radial Velocity Spectrometer. These measurements constitute a part of the Gaia Focused Product Release to be made public between the Gaia DR3 and DR4 data releases. In order to isolate the DIB signal from the stellar features in each individual spectrum, we identified a set of 160 000 spectra at high Galactic latitudes (|b| ⩾ 65◦ ) covering a range of stellar parameters which we consider to be the DIB-free reference sample. Matching each target spectrum to its closest reference spectra in stellar parameter space allowed us to remove the stellar spectrum empirically, without reference to stellar models, leaving a set of six million ISM spectra. Using the star’s parallax and sky coordinates, we then allocated each ISM spectrum to a voxel (VOlume piXEL) on a contiguous three-dimensional grid with an angular size of 1.8 ◦ (level 5 HEALPix) and 29 unequally sized distance bins. Identifying the two DIBs at 862.1 nm (λ862.1) and 864.8 nm (λ864.8) in the stacked spectra, we modelled their shapes and report the depth, central wavelength, width, and equivalent width (EW) for each, along with confidence bounds on these measurements. We then explored the properties and distributions of these quantities and compared them with similar measurements from other surveys. Our main results are as follows: (1) the strength and spatial distribution of the DIBλ862.1 are very consistent with what was found in Gaia DR3, but for this work we attained a higher signal-to-noise ratio in the stacked spectra to larger distances, which allowed us to trace DIBs in the outer spiral arm and beyond the Scutum–Centaurus spiral arm; (2) we produced an all-sky map below ±65◦ of Galactic latitude to ∼4000 pc of both DIB features and their correlations; (3) we detected the signals of DIBλ862.1 inside the Local Bubble (≲200 pc); and (4) there is a reasonable correlation with the dust reddening found from stellar absorption and EWs of both DIBs with a correlation coefficient of 0.90 for λ862.1 and 0.77 for λ864.8.

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