The 2023 Outburst of the Gaia Alerted EXor Gaia23bab

Nagy, Zsófia and Kóspál, Ágnes and Ábrahám, Péter and Giannini, Teresa and Kun, Mária and Gangi, Manuele and Cruz-Sáenz de Miera, Fernando and Kuhn, Michael and Siwak, Michal and Szilágyi, Máté and Fiorellino, Elenonora and Antoniucci, Simone and Biazzo, Katia and Bódi, Attila and Bora, Zsófia and Cseh, Borbála and Dróżdż, Marek and Horti-Dávid, Ágoston and Joó, András Péter and Kalup, Csilla and Kotysz, Krzysztof and Kriskovics, Levente and Marton, Gábor and Mikołajczyk, Przemysław J. and Nisini, Brunella and Pál, András and Seli, Bálint and Sódor, Ádám and Szabados, László and Szabó, Norton Olivér and Szabó, Zsófia Marianna and Szakáts, Róbert and Varga, Vázsony and Vinkó, József and Wyrzykowski, Lukasz and Zielinski, Paweł (2025) The 2023 Outburst of the Gaia Alerted EXor Gaia23bab. THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 987 (37). ISSN 0004-637X

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Abstract

Episodic accretion is a fundamental process in the build-up of the stellar mass. EX Lupi-type eruptive young stars (EXors) represent one of the main types of episodic accretion. We study the recently discovered EXor Gaia23bab during its 2023 outburst. We obtained optical and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy to probe the variation of the physical properties of Gaia23bab during its recent outburst. We also collected archival photometry to study a previous outburst of the star. We used several accretion tracers, including the Ca II triplet, He I, and various hydrogen lines from the Paschen and Brackett series, to measure the accretion rate during the outburst. The accretion rate is consistent with ∼2.0 × 10−7M⊙ yr−1 . Comparing the line Quxes of the hydrogen Brackett series to predictions of Case B theory suggests excitation temperatures of 5000–10,000 K and electron densities of 109 –1010 cm−3 . Comparison to the predictions of a model for T Tauri stars revealed that the Quxes of the Balmer series are consistent with temperatures of 5000–12,500 K and a hydrogen density of 108 cm−3 , while the Quxes of the Paschen series are consistent with temperatures in the range between 10,000 and 12,500 K and a hydrogen density of 1011 cm−3 . The derived temperatures and densities confirm that Gaia23bab is a prototypical EXor, not only due to its accretion rate, but also based on the best-fit temperatures and densities revealed by the detected hydrogen lines.

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