Strategic high-skilled immigration policies in small states : a comparative study of Singapore and Estonia

Abdullazade, Turan (2025) Strategic high-skilled immigration policies in small states : a comparative study of Singapore and Estonia. GRADUS, 12 (2). ISSN 2064-8014

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Abstract

High-skilled immigration is crucial for small, developed countries to remain competitive and overcome demographic challenges. This paper uses a mixed-methods study that combines policy analysis and permit data to compare Estonia and Singapore. Employer-driven systems supported by wage thresholds based on national priorities are common to both nations. Through the Employment Pass, Singapore attracts significant inflows that support its high-paying occupations, innovation rankings, and dominance in the venture capital sector. To boost the performance of its ICT sector and innovation, Estonia, which attracts a relatively small number of migrants, utilizes targeted programmes such as the EU Blue Card and startup visas. The study shows that high-skilled migration indirectly contributes to economic development through supporting innovation and addressing labour shortages.

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