Optimising a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide combined with commercial cow's milk ratio based on free radical scavenging and evaluating its antioxidant effect in Caenorhabditis elegans

Yao, Q. and Tang, Y. and Yang, L. and Wang, Z. and Kong, Y. and Liu, Y. and Wei, Y. and Wang, W. and Zhu, L. and Zhang, Y. (2026) Optimising a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide combined with commercial cow's milk ratio based on free radical scavenging and evaluating its antioxidant effect in Caenorhabditis elegans. ACTA ALIMENTARIA: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, 55 (2). pp. 299-313. ISSN 0139-3006

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Abstract

To investigate the synergistic antioxidant effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs) and milk, radical-extracted GLPs were combined with five commercial ultra-high-temperature (UHT) milk samples (A-E) across three concentrations (1.6, 3.2, 4.8 mg mL −1 ). The synergistic effects of the combinations were assessed using the Chou–Talalay combination index method and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) scavenging assays. Their impact on oxidative stress resistance was then evaluated using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , a premier model for studying oxidative stress. Results revealed that the combination of GLPs (1.6 mg mL −1 ) with Milk C (premium-grade, ≥3.6 g/100 mL protein, 145.07 mg mL −1 solids) exhibited significant synergy, demonstrating potent free radical scavenging activity and a low half-maximal inhibitory concentration. Under oxidative stress, a low concentration (0.1 mg mL −1 ) of the GLPs-Milk C (1.6 mg mL −1 ) combination significantly extended the survival time of C. elegans by 48.05% compared with the negative control ( P < 0.05), surpassing either component alone. This combination activated the endogenous antioxidant defence system in C. elegans , significantly elevating the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the level of glutathione (GSH), while lowering the malondialdehyde (MDA) content ( P < 0.05). These benefits were linked to the upregulation of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling pathway ( daf-16 , sod-3 ), the deacetylase sir-2.1 , and the Nrf2/KEAP1-related pathway ( skn-1 ). Collectively, the GLPs–Milk C combination (1.6 mg mL −1 ) exhibited the potential to serve as a synergistic antioxidant, with combined effects greater than those of its individual constituents.

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