Types of war-related Slavic borrowings in Transcarpathian Hungarian

Váradi, Krisztián (2026) Types of war-related Slavic borrowings in Transcarpathian Hungarian. In: 30th International Scientific and Practical Conference “Vector of Modern Science: Innovations, Development, and Prospects”, 27–29 July 2026, Munich, Germany.

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Abstract

This article examines the structural types of 107 Ukrainian- and Russian-derived lexical items associated with the Russo–Ukrainian war in Transcarpathian Hungarian. Eight borrowing types are distinguished: direct, hybrid, semantic, stylistic, formal, secondary, and tertiary borrowings, as well as calques. Direct borrowings constitute the largest category (62 items; 57.9%), followed by secondary borrowings (13; 12.1%), calques (9; 8.4%), semantic and tertiary borrowings (7 each; 6.6%), hybrid borrowings (5; 4.7%), formal borrowings (3; 2.8%), and one stylistic borrowing (0.9%). The distribution reveals three complementary mechanisms: overt importation of Slavic material, productive Hungarian derivation from borrowed bases, and less visible replication through meaning, form, style, or translation. The findings demonstrate that wartime lexical change cannot be reduced to the simple transfer of foreign words: it also activates Hungarian word formation and creates parallel borrowed and translated designations.

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