Photometry and Spectroscopy of SN 2024pxl: A Luminosity Link among Type Iax Supernovae

Singh, Mridweeka and Kwok, Lindsey A. and Jha, Saurabh W. and Dastidar, Raya and Larison, Conor and Filippenko, Alexei V. and Andrews, Jennifer E. and Andrews, Moira and Anupama, G. C. and Arunachalam, Prasiddha and Auchettl, Katie and Bánhidi, Dominik and Barna, Barnabás and Bostroem, K. Azalee and Brink, Thomas G. and Cartier, Regis and Chen, Ping and Christy, Collin T. and Coulter, David A. and Covarrubias, Sofia and Davis, Kyle W. and Dickinson, Connor B. and Dong, Yize and Farah, Joseph and Flörs, Andreas and Foley, Ryan J. and Franz, Noah and Fremling, Christoffer and Galbany, Lluis and Gangopadhyay, Anjasha and Szalai, Tamás and Vinkó, József (2026) Photometry and Spectroscopy of SN 2024pxl: A Luminosity Link among Type Iax Supernovae. ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 999 (2). No. 227. ISSN 1538-4357

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Abstract

We present extensive ultraviolet to optical photometric and optical to near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopic follow-up observations of the nearby intermediate-luminosity (MV = -16.81 +/- 0.19 mag) Type Iax supernovae (SNe Iax) 2024pxl in NGC 6384. SN 2024pxl exhibits a faster light curve than the high-luminosity members of this class, and slower than low-luminosity events. The observationally well-constrained rise time of similar to 11 days and an estimated synthesized 56Ni mass of 0.03 M circle dot, based on analytical modeling of the integrated spectral energy distribution light curve, are consistent with models of the weak deflagration of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf. Our optical spectral sequence of SN 2024pxl shows weak Si ii lines and spectral evolution similar to other high-luminosity SNe Iax, but also a prominent early-time C ii line, like lower-luminosity SNe Iax. The late-time optical spectrum of SN 2024pxl closely matches that of SN 2014dt, and its NIR spectral evolution aligns with that of other well-studied, high-luminosity SNe Iax. The spectral-line expansion velocities of SN 2024pxl are at the lower end of the SNe Iax velocity distribution, and the velocity distribution of iron-group elements compared to intermediate-mass elements suggests that the ejecta are mixed on large scales, as expected in pure deflagration models. SN 2024pxl exhibits characteristics intermediate between those of high-luminosity and low-luminosity SNe Iax, further establishing a link across this diverse class.

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