Breaking the Chains of Fear: Civil Society’s Role in Defying Autocracy and Shaping Bangladesh’s 2024 July Revolution

Alam, Mohammad Ashraful and Roy, Prakash Chandra and Bíró, Judit (2025) Breaking the Chains of Fear: Civil Society’s Role in Defying Autocracy and Shaping Bangladesh’s 2024 July Revolution. CIVIL SZEMLE, 22 (2). pp. 71-96. ISSN 1786-3341

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Abstract

This paper explores the critical role of civil society in political change in Bangladesh, with a particular focus on the 2024 July Revolution. The study investigates how civil society organisations (CSOs), grassroots movements, and advocacy groups effectively mobilised opposition against the country’s autocratic regime and fronted democratic change. The research aims to weigh the contributions of these organisations, particularly their role in organising the anti-discrimination student protests, which were pivotal to the revolution’s success. Using a mixed-method qualitative approach, the study draws on interviews with civil society leaders, focus group discussions with activists and protest participants, and an analysis of relevant documents, media reports, and public statements. Key findings expose that CSOs were essential in coordinating the protests, fostering coalitions between various social groups, and utilising digital platforms to swell their advocacy efforts. These engagements contributed to broader civic engagement, weakening the regime’s authoritarian grip. Despite facing awful state suppression, civil society’s nonstop efforts battered the moral authority of the dictatorship, allowing the eventual overthrow of the government. However, the study also admits CSOs' challenges, including state co-optation and control attempts, which limited their effectiveness at specific points. The paper stresses the need for continual support of civil society in authoritarian regimes. It highlights the importance of creating inclusive platforms for dialogue between civil society, political parties, and governmental institutions to prevent authoritarian backsliding. The insights from Bangladesh’s experience provide a framework for understanding civil society’s role in democratic transitions worldwide.

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