Adatok Solt középkori bortermeléséhez = Wine Production in Solt During the Middle Ages

Pánya, István and Borbás, Benjámin and Fóti, Miklós (2024) Adatok Solt középkori bortermeléséhez = Wine Production in Solt During the Middle Ages. In: Castrum Tetel Program II. Kutatások a solti régióban (2005–2023). Opitz Archaeologica (29/1). Martin Opitz Kiadó; HUN-REN Bölcsészettudományi Kutatóközpont, Budapest, pp. 187-205. ISBN 9786156388612

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Abstract

Solt szőlőhegye a középkorban fontos szerepet töltött be a Duna keleti partvidékének, Solt vármegye és a szomszédos kun területek borellátásában. A török kori adójegyzékekből kiderül, hogy a solti promontorium után beszedett adó számos neves Tolna vármegyei bortermelő település adójánál is magasabb volt. A hódoltság első felében, a 16. század során egyértelműen a jelentős bortermelő helyek közé tartozott. Az újkori forrásokból azonban tudjuk, hogy Solton és környékén alapvetően a mindennapokban fogyasztott, mai szóval élve „asztali” borokat termeltek. A régi iratok viszonylag silány, középszerű „lőrének” nevezik az innen származó italokat. Fontos azonban szem előtt tartani, hogy a neves szerémségi, baranyai, tolnai vagy éppen hegyaljai borokhoz képest ezek egy más, alapvetően olcsóbb piaci szegmensbe tartoztak, és a felvevőpiacuk is minden bizonnyal a társadalom szegényebb rétegéből állt össze. A Duna-Tisza közén számos helynév (Szőlős, Lugas stb.) jelzi, hogy a soltihoz hasonló szőlőtermesztés zajlott a középkorban, azonban a történelem viharai miatt ezekről szinte semmilyen forrás nem maradt fenn. Tanulmányunkban a solti szőlőhegy (promontorium) történetét mutatjuk be néhány szerencsés sorsú, máig fennmaradt középkori és kora újkori forrás felhasználásával. | The Danube-Tisza interfluve, and the area along the Danube in particular, are not among the better-known wine-growing regions of Hungary. This was also the case in the Middle Ages, when the centre of Hungarian wine production lay on the river’s right bank, in the Tolna-Baranya region and in the Szerémség (Srem) region. Viticulture was practiced throughout the Carpathian Basin and cheap wine for daily consumption – what would today pass as table wine – could be produced in regions with suitable conditions. Fortuitously, a handful of invaluable charters have survived about Solt or, better said, about the wine hill rising beside the settlement – currently known as Meleg-hegy – which provide a glimpse into the wine production of a market town on the Hungarian Plain. The Meleg-hegy is a north to south oriented, roughly 6 km long elevation covering some 8 km2 , whose greatest breadth is 2 km. The area of the wine hill was carved up between several settlements in medieval times. The greatest portion of the mountain was in the ownership of the market town of Solt; the production data indicate that intense wine growing was practiced on the mountain. Four medieval documents (dating from 1410, 1462, 1513 and 1516, respectively) contain data on wine growing in Solt. Among these, the charter from 1513 is particularly important because it records that the residents of more distant settlements also had vineyards on the Solt wine hill, representing the first documented instance of so-called extraneus (non-local) ownership on the Hungarian Plain during the Middle Ages. The volume of wine production in Solt can be determined from the Ottoman tax registers. In 1578, the tithe paid by Solt was the highest in the sanjak of Szeged (30,000 akçe), the second highest, amounting to no more than 7500 akçe, was paid by Szeged. This would suggest that viticulture played a prominent role at Solt and that the main products were in all likelihood table wines for daily consumption. One important element of our research, the role of community archaeology, must be highlighted. The Katona József Museum of Kecskemét was among the first to organise a group of local enthusiasts, many of whom participated in the survey of the Solt wine hill. Although very few finds were collected in the area (mostly fifteenth- and sixteenth-century pottery fragments, sixteenth-century coins, a knife hilt mount), their work nevertheless contributed to a better knowledge of the area’s history. The finds would suggest that there were various economic buildings, press-houses and cellars during medieval times on the wine hill (promontorium) that were important settings of daily economic activities.

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