Does the Winner Truly Take It All? : Rethinking Youth, Perpetual Competition, and Character Development Through a Systematic Literature Review

Griszbacher, Norbert and Griszbacher, Kitti (2025) Does the Winner Truly Take It All? : Rethinking Youth, Perpetual Competition, and Character Development Through a Systematic Literature Review. GILE JOURNAL OF SKILLS DEVELOPMENT, 5 (2). pp. 96-115. ISSN 2732-3781

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Abstract

Competition is an intrinsic aspect of human behaviour, evolving from fundamental survival mechanisms to complex socio-cultural phenomena such as status acquisition, achievement recognition, and recreational engagement. Despite its ubiquity, our understanding of competition—particularly among vulnerable youth—remains limited, with variability across cultural, temporal, and individual contexts. This systematic literature review, based on high-quality peer-reviewed articles, seeks to analyse the opportunities and challenges of early competition, providing a comprehensive overview for stakeholders. The review focuses on three key areas: competition in general, its advantages and disadvantages, and its future prospects. The findings indicate that, notwithstanding prevalent negative associations (e.g., akin to war), competition and cooperation are interdependent constructs that collectively underpin motivation, engagement, and developmental processes across diverse domains. Here, an interesting paradox emerged: healthy competition fosters cooperation by enhancing motivation and goal attainment, while its absence may reduce engagement and intrinsic motivation. By its nature, competition produces unequal outcomes, generating winners and losers, which can elicit diverse psychosocial responses (ranging from pressure to pleasure). Despite limited cognitive understanding of competition, children evidently show preferences for competitive play structures, which, when thoughtfully managed from an early age, foster the development of essential life skills such as resilience, coping strategies, humility, and teamwork. As per the findings, foundational principles including fairness, equity, and a calibrated balance between challenge and enjoyment are essential to fostering adaptive coping and positive developmental trajectories. However, effective implementation requires sustained collaboration between parents and educators, prioritizing cooperative, task-focused pedagogies and fostering respectful relational dynamics through appropriate feedback, guidance, pressure. Additionally, the alignment of expectations with children’s developmental readiness—accounting for individual and contextual factors—seems to be crucial for optimizing developmental outcomes. The review concludes by outlining methodological limitations and emphasizing the need for further research due to the limited understanding in this field.

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