Impact of Mycotoxins and Glyphosate residue on the Gut Microbiome and Resistome of European Fallow Deer

Tóth, Adrienn Gréta and Nagy, Sára Ágnes and Lakatos, István and Solymosi, Norbert and Stágel, Anikó and Paholcsek, Melinda and Posta, Katalin and Gömbös, Patrik and Ferenczi, Szilamér and Szőke, Zsuzsanna (2025) Impact of Mycotoxins and Glyphosate residue on the Gut Microbiome and Resistome of European Fallow Deer. ISCIENCE, 28 (10). ISSN 2589-0042

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Abstract

Some mycotoxins and herbicide residues pose threats to animal health. These toxins might affect the gut microbiome of fallow deer. The analyzation of the intestinal content samples of this valuable game species exposed to varying levels of zearalenone (ZEA) and other toxic compounds such as aflatoxin B1, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin B1, and glyphosate residues was performed. Metagenomic analysis revealed significant alterations in the bacterial community composition. Higher ZEA levels were associated with decreased alpha diversity, whereas higher aflatoxin levels had the opposite effect. Changes in the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) were also observed, suggesting a potential link between mycotoxin exposure and antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, five complete bacterial genomes were assembled from the metagenomic data. These findings highlight the complex interplay between environmental toxins, gut microbiota, and animal health. Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate the negative effects of toxin exposure on wildlife populations.

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