Tokaj, Rákóczi-vár múltja az elmúlt öt év ásatási tapasztalatainak tükrében = The past of Rákóczi Castle, Tokaj (Northeast Hungary) in the light of experiences in the last five years

Makoldi, Miklós (2011) Tokaj, Rákóczi-vár múltja az elmúlt öt év ásatási tapasztalatainak tükrében = The past of Rákóczi Castle, Tokaj (Northeast Hungary) in the light of experiences in the last five years. A HERMAN OTTÓ MÚZEUM ÉVKÖNYVE, 50. pp. 205-217. ISSN 0544-4225

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Abstract

A korábban kutatatlan Rákóczi-vár feltárása 2007 óta folyamatosan tart. Az öt évad eredményei a következők: sikerült azonosítani több épületet, várfalat (K-i ágyútorony, DNy-i bástya ágyúkazamatája, ÉK-i és DK-i rondellák, belső vár kerítőfalai, belső vár hídja, stb.). Emellett az előkerült leletek bizonyították, hogy a 15. század második felében, 16. század elején királyi rangú várak színvonalát közelített meg a tokaji vár, berendezése és leletanyaga tekintetében is. | The Rákóczi castle of Tokaj lying at the influx of the River Bodrog to the River Tisza, in the corner of Bodrogköz, is the third castle of the Tokaj history. According to Anomymus, the first castle was the motte of the age of the Árpáds and the second was the “Kőrév” mountain castle in the 13th century. The first mention of this castle was in 1410, but it was probably existed in the second part of the 14th century. Until 1527, it was a royal residence, a pawn land, and after then the domain centre of the Szapolyai family during near upon 70 years. In 1527, after the disruption of the country, it became a border castle between the Transylvanian Principality and the Habsburg Empire. At that time it got the name of “the bastion of the Upper Hungary”. As a border castle, it lost the princely and royal pomp gradually. On the other hand, it was forced with more ramparts during the following owners, like the Habsburg kings, István Bocskai, Gábor Bethlen or several members of the Rákóczi family. At last, Ferenc Rákóczi II. occupied the castle, and he got it blown up in 1704, because of the castle was in bad condition. On the other hand, he needed the weapons of the castle in order to be able to continue the war of independence. Later on, it was used as a quarry. In 1954, the hydroelectric power station at Tiszalök was built caused enormous damages. In spite of these difficulties and the unclear property relations, the archaeological excavation was started in 2007 and it has been going on ever since then. During the excavation we could identify several stone buildings (Iron-bastion, Dipping-bastion, and the significant part of buildings of the inner castle), which are well known from pictorial and textual sources. The walls, which do not appear on the contemporary engravings, also came to light. In addition to, we could excavate magnificent layers of the 16th and 17th centuries with potteries and glazed tiles of stove, luxury objects, silver coins, and weapons in large quantities and princely qualities. During the excavations, it proved that the researches of the Tokaj Castle must be a stressed task, because sensational castle walls and ornaments have turned up in the last five years.

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