Formulation Matters: Differential Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Pesticide Formulations on Human Hepatocellular Cells

Makame, Khadija Ramadhan and Sherif, Moustafa and Thong, Le Vinh Hoi and Ádám, Balázs and Nagy, Károly (2026) Formulation Matters: Differential Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Pesticide Formulations on Human Hepatocellular Cells. JOURNAL OF XENOBIOTICS, 16 (3). No. 98. ISSN 2039-4705

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Abstract

Pesticide formulations may influence toxicological outcomes beyond the intrinsic proper ties of active ingredients; however, these differences are often overlooked in regulatory risk assessment. Using human liver HepG2 cells, this study compared the cytotoxic and geno toxic effects of two commercial lambda-cyhalothrin formulations that differ in formulation type and in composition: an emulsifiable concentrate (Lambda-Cyhalothrin 5% EC) and a suspension concentrate co-formulated with thiamethoxam (Duer SC). Cytotoxicity was assessed using propidium iodide exclusion, while genotoxicity was evaluated using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) and alkaline comet assays. Lambda-Cyhalothrin 5%ECshowedsignificant cytotoxicity from 500 µM onward, whereas Duer SC induced cytotoxic effects even at lower concentrations beginning at 200 µM, indicating greater cytotoxic potency of the combined formulation. Lambda-Cyhalothrin 5% EC induced a concentration-dependent increase in the number of binucleated cells containing micronu clei, with a significant effect at 50 µM. Duer SC also increased micronucleus frequency but did not differ significantly from the negative control. Proliferation indices remained compa rable to controls for both formulations. The comet assay showed that Lambda-Cyhalothrin 5%ECproduced significant DNA damage from 10 µM onward, while Duer SC exhibited minimal genotoxic effects. These findings demonstrate that formulation type modifies the toxicological profile of lambda-cyhalothrin.

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