A büntetőjogi populizmus problémája az olasz büntetőjogban, különös tekintettel az illegális bevándorlás és tartózkodás szabálysértési tényállására = The problem of penal populism in Italian criminal law, with particular emphasis on the offense of illegal immigration and stay

Pete, Miklós (2024) A büntetőjogi populizmus problémája az olasz büntetőjogban, különös tekintettel az illegális bevándorlás és tartózkodás szabálysértési tényállására = The problem of penal populism in Italian criminal law, with particular emphasis on the offense of illegal immigration and stay. SCIENTIA ET SECURITAS, 5 (4). pp. 351-357. ISSN 3057-9759

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Abstract

Az irreguláris migráció napjainkra biztonsági kockázattá és a (büntető)jogi szabályozás egyik legégetőbb problémájává vált. Hazánk mellett számos más európai ország is szembesült az illegális migráció jelentette kihívásokkal, ám közülük is kiemelkedik Olaszország, amely már az 1980-as évek óta küzd a tömeges illegális migráció problémájával. Szintén új keletű probléma a büntetőjogi populizmus, amely a migráció területén sem szokatlan jelenség. Dolgozatomban felvázolom a bevándorlók bűnözésének kriminálmorfológiáját, és megvizsgálom az olasz büntetőjogi populizmus egyik legjellemzőbb példájának számító tényállást, az illegális bevándorlás/tartózkodás szabálysértését, végül pedig bemutatom a migráció büntetőjogi szabályozásának legújabb fejleményeit. | In recent times, we are increasingly encountering penal populism, meaning the use of criminal law in a flashy but ineffective manner, which is unsuitable for achieving the intended goals. Criminal law populist legislation goes against the principle of criminal law as an ultima ratio and creates criminal offenses that may sound impressive on a political level but are difficult to fit into the system carefully constructed by criminal science and judicial practice. Penal populism is present in the field of migration either, which is linked to the fact that since the late 2000s, immigration has increasingly been framed as a security issue in public discourse. In Italy right-wing, anti-immigration politicians, such as Silvio Berlusconi or Matteo Salvini, have frequently linked illegal immigration to the increase in criminality, and their governances were characterized by anti-immigration and anti-migrant legislation. During their mandates laws were passed that restricted the opportunities for foreigners to settle, diverted resources from operating reception centers, facilitated the expulsion of immigrants, made it more difficult to rescue immigrants stranded in the Mediterranean, and criminalized illegal stay on the country’s territory. This last provision sparked significant opposition among scholars of the criminal sciences. I will examine this topic more closely in my thesis. These politicians regularly support the effectiveness of the aforementioned measures by pointing to the decrease in illegal immigration: there is no doubt that both after 2008 (during the fourth Berlusconi government) and after 2017 (under Salvini’s tenure as interior minister), the number of illegal immigrants arriving in the country significantly decreased. However, this decrease did not happen due to anti-migrant measures, but rather to agreements made with Libya and Tunisia, under which, in exchange for financial assistance from the Italian Republic (or the European Union in the case of the Tunisia agreement), these African countries prevented illegal migrants from leaving their territory. These agreements effectively reduced illegal immigration to Italy, but this also came with severe human rights violations committed by the authorities of these African countries against hundreds of thousands of migrants. In my thesis, I aim to shed light on two aspects of penal populism: I will assess how well-founded the views coming from the far-right political side are that link illegal migrants to crime through examining the crime committed by foreigners in Italy. Then I will present the problems arising from populist criminal legislation through a specific example (illegal immigration as an offense – paragraph 10-bis of the Testo Unico sull’Immigrazione). In the end I will go through some of the recent changes in criminal legislation on the field of migration.

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