Jog vs. technológia: az ETIAS és a migráció szűrése = Law vs. technology: ETIAS and migration screening

Csatlós, Erzsébet (2024) Jog vs. technológia: az ETIAS és a migráció szűrése = Law vs. technology: ETIAS and migration screening. SCIENTIA ET SECURITAS, 5 (4). pp. 389-400. ISSN 3057-9759

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Abstract

A technológia lehetőségei helyett ma már az a kérdés, miként alkalmazhatók ezek jogszerűen. A tanulmány az Európai Utasinformációs és Engedélyezési Rendszer (ETIAS) példáján mutatja be a kockázati szűrőrendszerek jelentőségét a migráció kezelésében, amelynek célja a vízummentes harmadik országbeli állampolgárok előzetes ellenőrzése az utazási engedélykérelmek és meghatározott adathalmazok kombinálásával. Vizsgálja, hogy az MI-alapú automatikus döntéshozatal megfelel-e az uniós és nemzeti szabályozásoknak, kiemelve az indokolás és a jogorvoslat fontosságát. A személyes adatok kezelése adatvédelmi kérdéseket vet fel, a tagállamok biztonsági szempontjai és az eljárási jogok közötti egyensúly megteremtése pedig kulcsfontosságú. | The question today is no longer what technology can achieve but how to use it within the bounds of legality. The use of data plays an increasingly significant role in the efficient execution of state functions, particularly during the fourth industrial revolution. Artificial intelligence (AI) is a key driver in this process. However, the focus has shifted from technological possibilities to the question of how these innovations can be used in compliance with legal standards. This study explores the role of risk screening systems in managing migration issues, using the European Travel Information and Authorisation System (ETIAS) as a case study. ETIAS functions as a virtual border guard by integrating data collected through travel authorization applications with EU datasets, addressing gaps in the control of visa-free third-country nationals. The study examines whether AI-driven automated decision-making can lawfully determine the legal status of immigrants under EU and national regulations. Special emphasis is placed on the importance of reasoning in decisionmaking, as legitimate decisions must be founded on clear and adequate justifications. This is especially critical for negative decisions, where understanding the facts and legal grounds is essential for individuals to submit effective appeals. The study underscores that procedural safeguards and the quality of decisions directly influence the effectiveness of appeal mechanisms. The ETIAS system, which collects and evaluates personal data, raises significant data protection and legal concerns. Striking a balance between the national security priorities of Member States and individuals’ right to an explanation for decisions is crucial. AI-driven profiling forms a central part of decision-making but must adhere to EU rule of law standards, particularly regarding procedural rights. In digital decision-making, the simplifications offered by IT tools and AI must align with EU values. Otherwise, the efficiencies gained in some areas may create equal or greater complications in others. The study highlights the need for proactive legislative action to resolve regulatory uncertainties before ETIAS – and other AI-powered automated decision-making systems – are widely implemented.

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